Issue

This article analyzes the regulatory documents in force in the Russian Empire from 1857 to 1917, establishing the regulatory framework for government supervision of medical care at the regional (provincial) level. The article examines the status of Provincial Medical Boards within the system of state administration, examining their staffing, responsibilities of inspectors, and support staff. A conclusion is made regarding the distribution of oversight powers between central and provincial government bodies, which has developed within the ministerial system. The system of governing bodies for different administrative units and levels of public authority is summarized. A conclusion is reached regarding the relationship between the work of governing bodies and the medical community

The article examines the theoretical and legal category of the "legal regime" from the standpoint of modern approaches in the general theory of law. Existing doctrinal definitions of the legal regime are analyzed, revealing a diversity of interpretations and methodological heterogeneity. Particular attention is paid to the essential features of the legal regime as a fundamental form of legal regulation. The author substantiates the need to unify approaches to the definition and characteristics of the legal regime and proposes an original definition that includes its structural and functional aspects. It is concluded that the features of the legal regime are significant for classification, legal systematization, and optimization of state legal policy.

Musa Bigiyev was one of the first Islamic scholars who drew attention to Western models of constitutional structure as a possible way of enshrining the fundamental legal values of Islam. In this regard, the concept of "Quran constitution" was born. Addressing the category of constitutionalism, Musa Bigiyev very positively assessed its importance in the modern world. However, the issues of constitutional structure in the Muslim world have not been widely developed. There is no discussion of this topic in the classical fiqh manuals. The study aims is to identify Musa Bigiyev&#39s perception of the problem of the relationship between constitutionalism and Islamic law. To achieve this goal, general scientific (philosophical, logical) and specific scientific methods (formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative-legal) were used. Musa Bigiyev wanted to increase interest in the category of constitutionalism among Muslim lawyers by appealing to historical analogues of the times of the Prophet Muhammad. In a number of works, Musa Bigiyev discusses the possibility of constitutionalizing the legal order in Muslim countries. M. Bigiyev considered the Quran to be the main source for the constitutionalization of the Islamic legal order. Pursuing this idea in 1946 in Bombay, he drafted his own "Islamic Constitution" ("Constitution for Islam").

Through the comprehensive study of Soviet criminal laws, resolutions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, as well as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in current and previous editions, the article examines the Soviet and modern Russian experience in the legal regulation of criminal liability for sabotage, sabotage and sabotage. In the modern world, in the context of increasing international and interstate conflicts (including military conflicts), the number of crimes encroaching on the foundations of the constitutional order and the security of the state (especially acts of sabotage) is sharply increasing. Official statistics on the number of people convicted of a crime under Article 281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation confirm this thesis. This makes it necessary to study the criminal law regulation of criminal liability for sabotage and related acts in the historical aspect. This may allow us to suggest ways to improve the current legislation, which will make it possible to more effectively counteract such crimes. The article distinguishes between such phenomena as sabotage, subversion and wrecking. Based on a comparative analysis, the authors propose to improve the current criminal legislation (in particular, by criminalizing sabotage). In the course of the research, a set of different methods was used, including methods of analysis, induction and deduction, formal legal and comparative legal. The research results are both theoretical and practical. The proposals of the authors can be used by the legislator in terms of improving the current criminal legislation. The discussion of the considered issues will make it possible to draw the attention of the legislator to the development of solutions to further improve the regulation of criminal law counteraction to encroachments on the foundations of the constitutional order and the security of the state.

This article analyzes the fundamental norms of canon law, their historical development, and their influence on secular law. It also describes each norm, its practical significance in church practice, and the challenges associated with secularization and globalization. Particular attention is paid to the influence of secular law: borrowings in the areas of procedural law, family law, individual rights, and the principles of the rule of law. Examples from European legal systems and the limitations of this influence during the era of separation of church and state are provided. The relevance of norms for understanding legal traditions is demonstrated and avenues for further research are suggested. The article is based on the analysis of historical sources, promoting an interdisciplinary dialogue between religious studies and jurisprudence.

Introduction. The article highlights the relevance of the topic and the views of contemporary researchers who justify the legal basis for the functioning of the Noble Bank and the impact of the First World War on the landowners&#39 economy and the revolutionary events of 1917. Objective. The study aims to analyze the content of archival sources in order to study the legal framework for conducting auctions in the activities of the Noble Bank and to identify the practical features of granting benefits to defaulting borrowers based on petitions during wartime; to characterize the system of establishing a "trading presence" in the activities of the Noble Bank, which was not only used to prepare the estates of defaulting borrowers for sale, but also to remove them from the auction process. Methods. The study uses legal research methods, including an analysis of the legal framework governing the bidding process in the activities of the Noble Bank, as well as a comparative legal analysis of the provision of benefits to defaulting borrowers during peacetime and during the First World War. Results. It has been established that the Tambov branch of the Noble Bank had to deal with a large number of applications from defaulting borrowers for the provision of benefits since the beginning of the First World War. A study of the "trade presence" revealed that there were only a few cases of estates being sold at auction, despite the high-quality legal support for this procedure. Since the beginning of the revolutionary events in 1917 and the destruction of some estates, the bank&#39s board has additionally provided these borrowers with payment installments. Conclusions. The practical aspects of the legal support for the bidding process in the bank&#39s activities during the First World War indicated the preferential nature of lending to estates. As a result, the mortgage loan was in demand among the hereditary nobility of the Russian Empire until the bank&#39s liquidation in 1918.

The article examines issues of legal regulation of international interaction, international trade and joint economic cooperation of the BRICS states, which currently represents a formed macro-region, which is distinguished by its independence from international governance mechanisms and the ability to ensure a system of its own economic and financial protection. This macro-region is distinguished by its independence from international governance mechanisms and the ability to provide its own economic and financial protection system. Essentially, BRICS is a promising platform and forum for international dialogue and expanded global cooperation based on international law, including in the economic and trade spheres. International economic and trade cooperation requires a reliable system of mutual financial settlements that fully satisfies all participants and serves their interests. The authors analyze current international settlement systems, their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, the existing systems depend on the policies of a number of economically influential states and organizations, which may violate the principle of equality among participants in international trade, depending on their nationality. Provisions are formulated regarding the need for participants in international economic activity to have a choice of methods of interaction, including methods of mutual settlements. An independent system of mutual settlements among BRICS countries provides the opportunity to choose optimal methods of economic activity and international trade, eliminating unreasonable obstacles and restrictions.

The article deals with the analysis of interaction between the bodies of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance and corporations carrying out production and economic activities in the agroindustrial sector of the economy. A brief historical and legal analysis of the formation of the system of state veterinary and phytosanitary supervision is given. The complexity of legal regulation of production and economic activities of corporations in the agro-industrial complex by the norms of private and public law is analyzed, which is due to the need for legal regulation of production and technological processes in the production of food products, through the cultivation and processing of animal and plant products in order to ensure food security and protect the health of citizens.

The article examines the problem of the procedural features of a specialist&#39s participation in the seizure and copying of data from electronic media in criminal proceedings. Special attention is paid to the analysis of legal norms and the identification of contradictions in law enforcement practice. Examines in detail the mandatory participation of a specialist in investigative actions related to electronic media, and identifies the problems of this institution. The article analyzes judicial practice on the admissibility of evidence without the participation of a specialist, as well as cases of formal involvement of specialists without the necessary competencies. Based on the research, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve legal regulation in this area, given the increase in crimes in the field of information technology. Special attention is paid to the safety of data during investigative actions and the process of copying information from electronic media.

The article is the result of scientific and practical research into a comprehensive and systemic analysis of a set of problems associated with the implementation of the adversarial principle at the stages of pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases in the Russian Federation. Within the framework of this study, the concept and content of the adversarial principle are deconstructed, its interrelations with other fundamental principles of criminal proceedings are established, and the evolution of this principle in retrospect is traced. The central place in the study is given to the identification and analysis of problematic aspects at the initial stages of criminal proceedings – the stage of initiation of a criminal case and the stage of preliminary investigation. In this regard, issues related to ensuring genuine procedural equality of the parties, which is an integral attribute of adversarial proceedings, are subject to detailed consideration. The problems of ensuring transparency of criminal case materials for the parties, effective participation of the defense attorney in procedural actions, as well as the prerogatives of the court and the prosecutor in ensuring adversarial principles at pre-trial stages are considered.

The article is aimed at analyzing cyber extremism as a threat to national security, identifying its main manifestations and possible ways to counter it. The problem of cyber extremism is particularly relevant due to the scale of the modern digital space, which allows extremist communities to effectively spread their ideas internationally while remaining anonymous. In the modern world, where digital technologies are penetrating into all spheres of life, new forms of threats are emerging, among which cyber extremism occupies a special place – the use of the Internet to spread extremist ideology, calls for violence, hatred and intolerance, as well as xenophobia, Russophobia, and radicalism. Of particular concern is its anonymous and cross-border nature, the digital transformation of the economy and the use of cryptocurrencies are making their own adjustments to counter modern threats at the national and international levels. The article presents the experience of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in combating these crimes, as well as foreign countries. Based on the analysis of the scale and specifics of cyber extremism, the authors have developed measures to prevent it.

This article explores the relevance and importance of "green" procurement of goods, works, and services to meet public needs, as well as their potential for achieving sustainable development at both the national and international levels. The article explores the diversity of concepts such as "sustainable", "ecological" and "green" procurement, noting their universality. It examines the specifics of legislative regulation of such procurement globally, focusing on the experience of Asian countries. The article emphasizes the important role of "green" procurement, which positively impacts environmental standards, the development of green industries, and the stimulation of innovation in environmental technologies, business, and the public.

This article analyzes the regulatory documents in force in the Russian Empire from 1857 to 1917, establishing the regulatory framework for government supervision of medical care at the regional (provincial) level. The article examines the status of Provincial Medical Boards within the system of state administration, examining their staffing, responsibilities of inspectors, and support staff. A conclusion is made regarding the distribution of oversight powers between central and provincial government bodies, which has developed within the ministerial system. The system of governing bodies for different administrative units and levels of public authority is summarized. A conclusion is reached regarding the relationship between the work of governing bodies and the medical community

The article examines the theoretical and legal category of the "legal regime" from the standpoint of modern approaches in the general theory of law. Existing doctrinal definitions of the legal regime are analyzed, revealing a diversity of interpretations and methodological heterogeneity. Particular attention is paid to the essential features of the legal regime as a fundamental form of legal regulation. The author substantiates the need to unify approaches to the definition and characteristics of the legal regime and proposes an original definition that includes its structural and functional aspects. It is concluded that the features of the legal regime are significant for classification, legal systematization, and optimization of state legal policy.

Musa Bigiyev was one of the first Islamic scholars who drew attention to Western models of constitutional structure as a possible way of enshrining the fundamental legal values of Islam. In this regard, the concept of "Quran constitution" was born. Addressing the category of constitutionalism, Musa Bigiyev very positively assessed its importance in the modern world. However, the issues of constitutional structure in the Muslim world have not been widely developed. There is no discussion of this topic in the classical fiqh manuals. The study aims is to identify Musa Bigiyev&#39s perception of the problem of the relationship between constitutionalism and Islamic law. To achieve this goal, general scientific (philosophical, logical) and specific scientific methods (formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative-legal) were used. Musa Bigiyev wanted to increase interest in the category of constitutionalism among Muslim lawyers by appealing to historical analogues of the times of the Prophet Muhammad. In a number of works, Musa Bigiyev discusses the possibility of constitutionalizing the legal order in Muslim countries. M. Bigiyev considered the Quran to be the main source for the constitutionalization of the Islamic legal order. Pursuing this idea in 1946 in Bombay, he drafted his own "Islamic Constitution" ("Constitution for Islam").

Through the comprehensive study of Soviet criminal laws, resolutions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, as well as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in current and previous editions, the article examines the Soviet and modern Russian experience in the legal regulation of criminal liability for sabotage, sabotage and sabotage. In the modern world, in the context of increasing international and interstate conflicts (including military conflicts), the number of crimes encroaching on the foundations of the constitutional order and the security of the state (especially acts of sabotage) is sharply increasing. Official statistics on the number of people convicted of a crime under Article 281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation confirm this thesis. This makes it necessary to study the criminal law regulation of criminal liability for sabotage and related acts in the historical aspect. This may allow us to suggest ways to improve the current legislation, which will make it possible to more effectively counteract such crimes. The article distinguishes between such phenomena as sabotage, subversion and wrecking. Based on a comparative analysis, the authors propose to improve the current criminal legislation (in particular, by criminalizing sabotage). In the course of the research, a set of different methods was used, including methods of analysis, induction and deduction, formal legal and comparative legal. The research results are both theoretical and practical. The proposals of the authors can be used by the legislator in terms of improving the current criminal legislation. The discussion of the considered issues will make it possible to draw the attention of the legislator to the development of solutions to further improve the regulation of criminal law counteraction to encroachments on the foundations of the constitutional order and the security of the state.

This article analyzes the fundamental norms of canon law, their historical development, and their influence on secular law. It also describes each norm, its practical significance in church practice, and the challenges associated with secularization and globalization. Particular attention is paid to the influence of secular law: borrowings in the areas of procedural law, family law, individual rights, and the principles of the rule of law. Examples from European legal systems and the limitations of this influence during the era of separation of church and state are provided. The relevance of norms for understanding legal traditions is demonstrated and avenues for further research are suggested. The article is based on the analysis of historical sources, promoting an interdisciplinary dialogue between religious studies and jurisprudence.

Introduction. The article highlights the relevance of the topic and the views of contemporary researchers who justify the legal basis for the functioning of the Noble Bank and the impact of the First World War on the landowners&#39 economy and the revolutionary events of 1917. Objective. The study aims to analyze the content of archival sources in order to study the legal framework for conducting auctions in the activities of the Noble Bank and to identify the practical features of granting benefits to defaulting borrowers based on petitions during wartime; to characterize the system of establishing a "trading presence" in the activities of the Noble Bank, which was not only used to prepare the estates of defaulting borrowers for sale, but also to remove them from the auction process. Methods. The study uses legal research methods, including an analysis of the legal framework governing the bidding process in the activities of the Noble Bank, as well as a comparative legal analysis of the provision of benefits to defaulting borrowers during peacetime and during the First World War. Results. It has been established that the Tambov branch of the Noble Bank had to deal with a large number of applications from defaulting borrowers for the provision of benefits since the beginning of the First World War. A study of the "trade presence" revealed that there were only a few cases of estates being sold at auction, despite the high-quality legal support for this procedure. Since the beginning of the revolutionary events in 1917 and the destruction of some estates, the bank&#39s board has additionally provided these borrowers with payment installments. Conclusions. The practical aspects of the legal support for the bidding process in the bank&#39s activities during the First World War indicated the preferential nature of lending to estates. As a result, the mortgage loan was in demand among the hereditary nobility of the Russian Empire until the bank&#39s liquidation in 1918.

The article examines issues of legal regulation of international interaction, international trade and joint economic cooperation of the BRICS states, which currently represents a formed macro-region, which is distinguished by its independence from international governance mechanisms and the ability to ensure a system of its own economic and financial protection. This macro-region is distinguished by its independence from international governance mechanisms and the ability to provide its own economic and financial protection system. Essentially, BRICS is a promising platform and forum for international dialogue and expanded global cooperation based on international law, including in the economic and trade spheres. International economic and trade cooperation requires a reliable system of mutual financial settlements that fully satisfies all participants and serves their interests. The authors analyze current international settlement systems, their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, the existing systems depend on the policies of a number of economically influential states and organizations, which may violate the principle of equality among participants in international trade, depending on their nationality. Provisions are formulated regarding the need for participants in international economic activity to have a choice of methods of interaction, including methods of mutual settlements. An independent system of mutual settlements among BRICS countries provides the opportunity to choose optimal methods of economic activity and international trade, eliminating unreasonable obstacles and restrictions.

The article deals with the analysis of interaction between the bodies of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance and corporations carrying out production and economic activities in the agroindustrial sector of the economy. A brief historical and legal analysis of the formation of the system of state veterinary and phytosanitary supervision is given. The complexity of legal regulation of production and economic activities of corporations in the agro-industrial complex by the norms of private and public law is analyzed, which is due to the need for legal regulation of production and technological processes in the production of food products, through the cultivation and processing of animal and plant products in order to ensure food security and protect the health of citizens.

The article examines the problem of the procedural features of a specialist&#39s participation in the seizure and copying of data from electronic media in criminal proceedings. Special attention is paid to the analysis of legal norms and the identification of contradictions in law enforcement practice. Examines in detail the mandatory participation of a specialist in investigative actions related to electronic media, and identifies the problems of this institution. The article analyzes judicial practice on the admissibility of evidence without the participation of a specialist, as well as cases of formal involvement of specialists without the necessary competencies. Based on the research, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve legal regulation in this area, given the increase in crimes in the field of information technology. Special attention is paid to the safety of data during investigative actions and the process of copying information from electronic media.

The article is the result of scientific and practical research into a comprehensive and systemic analysis of a set of problems associated with the implementation of the adversarial principle at the stages of pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases in the Russian Federation. Within the framework of this study, the concept and content of the adversarial principle are deconstructed, its interrelations with other fundamental principles of criminal proceedings are established, and the evolution of this principle in retrospect is traced. The central place in the study is given to the identification and analysis of problematic aspects at the initial stages of criminal proceedings – the stage of initiation of a criminal case and the stage of preliminary investigation. In this regard, issues related to ensuring genuine procedural equality of the parties, which is an integral attribute of adversarial proceedings, are subject to detailed consideration. The problems of ensuring transparency of criminal case materials for the parties, effective participation of the defense attorney in procedural actions, as well as the prerogatives of the court and the prosecutor in ensuring adversarial principles at pre-trial stages are considered.

The article is aimed at analyzing cyber extremism as a threat to national security, identifying its main manifestations and possible ways to counter it. The problem of cyber extremism is particularly relevant due to the scale of the modern digital space, which allows extremist communities to effectively spread their ideas internationally while remaining anonymous. In the modern world, where digital technologies are penetrating into all spheres of life, new forms of threats are emerging, among which cyber extremism occupies a special place – the use of the Internet to spread extremist ideology, calls for violence, hatred and intolerance, as well as xenophobia, Russophobia, and radicalism. Of particular concern is its anonymous and cross-border nature, the digital transformation of the economy and the use of cryptocurrencies are making their own adjustments to counter modern threats at the national and international levels. The article presents the experience of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in combating these crimes, as well as foreign countries. Based on the analysis of the scale and specifics of cyber extremism, the authors have developed measures to prevent it.

This article explores the relevance and importance of "green" procurement of goods, works, and services to meet public needs, as well as their potential for achieving sustainable development at both the national and international levels. The article explores the diversity of concepts such as "sustainable", "ecological" and "green" procurement, noting their universality. It examines the specifics of legislative regulation of such procurement globally, focusing on the experience of Asian countries. The article emphasizes the important role of "green" procurement, which positively impacts environmental standards, the development of green industries, and the stimulation of innovation in environmental technologies, business, and the public.